• E ligases provide substrate recognition specificity Ubiquiti

  2021-05-24

  

  E3 ligases provide substrate recognition specificity Ubiquitination gap26 and substrate specificity in mammals is achieved by the existence of over six-hundred E3-ubiquitin ligases that catalyze the final step of ubiquitination, compared with only one E1 and very few E2 enzymes known till date [23]

• In plants SUMOylation has been shown to modulate plant hormo

  2021-05-24

  

  In plants, SUMOylation has been shown to modulate plant hormone signaling (Lois et al., 2003, Miura et al., 2009, Conti et al., 2014), root stem cell maintenance (Xu et al., 2013), and responses to abiotic and biotic stress (Lois, 2010). Many of the plant biological processes regulated by SUMOylatio

• Because macrophages clear the injured tissue of dead cells

  2021-05-24

  

  Because macrophages clear the injured tissue of dead Etoposide and matrix debris, macrophage infiltration is essential for normal tissue repair. In cardiac remodeling by MI, however, macrophages infiltrate excessively into not only the infarct area and marginal area of MI. Infiltrated macrophages, w

• br Concluding remarks A crucial

  2021-05-24

  

  Concluding remarks A crucial step in the microbial degradation of steroids is the 1(2)-dehydrogenation of the steroid nucleus by FAD-dependent Δ1-KSTDs. This step is required to initiate the opening of the steroid nucleus under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A large variety of steroid-deg

• The presence of H PPases in parasitic

  2021-05-24

  

  The presence of H+-PPases in parasitic protists raises the question of the physiological role of these proteins. So far, they had been extensively characterized mainly in higher plants, and some prokaryotes [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [16], [20]. A common feature to all these organisms is tha

• br Future direction and conclusion br Conflict

  2021-05-24

  

  Future direction and conclusion Conflict of interest References and recommended reading Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: Introduction Colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1; also referred to as the macrophage-colony stimulating

• Several lines of evidence suggest that the anxiety

  2021-05-24

  

  Several lines of evidence suggest that the anxiety provoking behavioral effects of CRF involve CRF1 receptors. CRF1 knockout mice show increased anxiolytic-like activity in the elevated plus maze and a tendency to enter the illuminated region of a light–dark box [49], [52]. In addition, studies usin

• This work aimed to investigate

  2021-05-24

  

  This work aimed to investigate whether the increase in liver lipid depots, observed in the fetuses from rats fed a saturated-fat-rich diet, persists later in life in the offspring (a) at 21days of age immediately after weaning and (b) at 140days of age, after healthy nourishing. Furthermore, we want

• No effect on the A production by secretase

  2021-05-24

  

  No effect on the Aβ production by γ-secretase was observed at 50μM, the highest effective concentration used in cultured WP1130 mg by the study of Flajolet et al. IC261 did also not exert a modulatory effect on the production of Aβ, Aβ and Aβ species in the cell-free assay at this concentration. γ-

• br Conclusion The past few years have

  2021-05-22

  

  Conclusion The past few years have witnessed substantial progress in understanding the structural mechanisms of substrate recognition and the reactions catalyzed by the O-GlcNAc-cycling enzymes, but more work remains. In particular, future research will be needed to establish how OGT and OGA inte

• br Experimental section br Acknowledgments MIN cells were

  2021-05-22

  

  Experimental section Acknowledgments MIN6 cells were kindly provided by Dr. Junichi Miyazaki, Osaka University. This research was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (JP16H05099 and JP18H04609 to K.H., and JP16H06574 to T.U.), SENTAN

• Early VL diagnosis makes it

  2021-05-22

  

  Early VL diagnosis makes it possible to formulate a quicker and more effective treatment against the disease, which could increase the possibility of a cure for the patients, as well as reduce the toxicity of the drugs (Coelho et al., 2009); however, conventional and molecular parasitological method

• br Abbreviations br Introduction br Collagen induced

  2021-05-22

  

  Abbreviations Introduction Collagen-induced DDR activation A key feature of DDRs is their ability to bind both fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagens (Shrivastava et al., 1997, Vogel et al., 1997). DDR1 and DDR2 recognize the GVMGVO (O, hydroxyproline) motif within fibrillar collagens I–III

• br Materials and Methods br Results br Discussion Viral

  2021-05-22

  

  Materials and Methods Results Discussion Viral infection of eukaryotic Benzoylmesaconitine activate signaling pathways both via specific interaction with pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, RIG-I, MDA5) and more nonspecific mechanisms such as accumulation of newly synthesized viral glycopr

• The ubiquitin like modifier NEDD NEURAL

  2021-05-22

  

  The ubiquitin-like modifier NEDD8 (NEURAL PRECURSOR CELL EXPRESSED, DEVELOPMENTALLY DOWN-REGULATED 8) uses similar enzymatic machineries for NEDD8 conjugation as ubiquitin (Figure 1) [11, 12, 13, 14]. In plants as well as in other eukaryotes, the number of E3 ligases for NEDD8 and the number of kno

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